東京大学大学院法学政治学研究科・法学部 グローバル・リーダーシップ寄付講座(読売新聞社)



グローバル・リーダーシップ寄付講座シンポ「世界のために働くということ」詳細

1.2009年6月14日付読売新聞朝刊33面

シンポジウムについての読売新聞の記事です。

◆「世界のために働くということ」
   読売新聞社の寄付で東京大学法学部に設置された「グローバル・リーダーシップ」講座の開講記念シンポジウム「世界のために働くということ」が今月3日、東大の安田講堂で開かれた。講師のコフィ・アナン前国連事務総長(71)と、緒方貞子元国連難民高等弁務官(81)は、貧困や紛争を抱えるアフリカの現状などを説きながら、地球的規模で思考、行動する力をつけるよう、学生ら約1200人の聴衆に訴えた。学生による質疑応答も行われ、国際援助のあり方や国連改革などについて、熱心な質問が相次いだ。

■司会 北岡伸一・東大法学部教授=写真=
■講師 コフィ・アナン 前国連事務総長
■コメンテーター 緒方貞子 元国連難民高等弁務官

◇前国連事務総長 コフィ・アナン氏
◆「世界市民」の自覚を
 世界は、私が前回来日した3年前より、一層複雑で不確実になった。過去60年以上で最も深刻な経済危機と格闘しており、我々は健全な指導力を必要としている。我々は、海図を持たずに、荒れ狂う海にいるのだ。
 アフリカについては、経済危機の初期段階では、危機から免れると見る向きが多かった。だが、危機が加速度的に広がるにつれ、アフリカも他地域と同様に打撃を受けたことがわかった。商品の需要や価格は崩壊し、預金や海外投資は枯渇し、海外で働くアフリカ人の自国への送金は激減した。
 (対アフリカ援助の)約束が裏切られれば、不公平感や怒りを増大させるだけだ。経済協力開発機構(OECD)全加盟国が費やす開発援助の年間総額より多くのお金が、米国の一企業救済にあてがわれた。
 世界の出来事はもはや境界線に縛られない。グローバル化は、世界の諸問題に取り組む上で、重要かつ新たな機会を提供してもいる。アフリカは天然資源が豊かな大陸だ。人々は才能と起業家的な活力に満ちている。再生可能エネルギーの不足を、持続可能な方法で補う大きな潜在力がある。
 しかし、アフリカがこうした役割を演じるには、そのパートナーが継続的かつ信頼できる方法で支援し、全面的に関与する必要がある。所得不足を補い、金融を緩和するための緊急支援だけでなく、アフリカの社会基盤に対する長期的な投資も求められる。
 アフリカは食料を自給できない唯一の大陸だ。気候変動が人々に与える影響に対処するための支援も必要だ。米国や欧州諸国、日本など主要な工業国は、(温室効果ガスの)排出を大幅に削減するとの合意を、コペンハーゲン(12月に開かれる国連気候変動枠組み条約締約国会議)で主導すべきだ。
 しかしながら、アフリカの課題解決の主要な責務は、アフリカの指導者にある。統治を改善し、人権を尊重する責任と、法の支配を守らなければならない。アフリカの指導者は自分自身が約束を守らないのに、パートナーに約束を果たすよう主張することはできない。
 多国間の諸機関も、もっと代表性、民主性、正当性を獲得するよう、根本的な改革が必要だ。アフリカは、改革された金融・政治諸機関において、地球規模の解決方法を構想する上での発言権も持たされるべきだ。
 我々は困難な非常時を生きている。だが、すべての危機には機会がある。我々はここ数か月の出来事を通じて、共有する責務に気付かなければならない。
 皆さんには才能とエネルギーを用い、世界を改善する責務がある。皆さんは、自身を世界市民と純粋に呼べる初めての世代だ。広い世界の難題に取り組む指導力を示す心構えが必要だ。私は、こうした難題に立ち向かう皆さんの能力を十分に信じている。

◇元国連難民高等弁務官 緒方貞子氏
◆強い指導力が必要
 国連事務総長としてのコフィ・アナン氏の指導力は、倫理観と人道的な責任感に基づいた素晴らしい政治的判断によって、特徴づけられていた。国連を離れた今も、地球的規模で援助の手を差し伸べている。
 アナン氏は最も貧しく脆弱(ぜいじゃく)な人々、特にアフリカのそうした人々のニーズを訴え、そのための行動をとってきた。アナン氏は、世界の経済・金融危機が、とりわけ、アフリカの最も貧しい人々の暮らしに与える影響に深い懸念を持っている。
 平和と安全保障の問題で言えば、2007年12月のケニア大統領選後に起きた同国内の危機を解決に導いた。これは、コフィ(アナン氏)自身の指導力と、アフリカ連合(AU)を中心としたアフリカ各国の指導層の強さによるものだ。
 この問題では、AU議長だったガーナのクフォー大統領(当時)が08年1月にケニアを訪れ、2人の大統領候補に対し、調停プロセスの受け入れを納得してもらった。調停は、コフィを議長とする、アフリカの著名人3人の委員会によるものだった。
 委員会は、2人の候補や議員らと直接、会談した。暴力停止のための緊急措置や避難民の人道問題、安全確保などの議題も選び、包括的な憲法や(政治)制度改革を提案した。
 強い印象を与えたのは、第一に、危機が拡大せずに国内の政治交渉を通じて解決したことだ。第二に、交渉がアフリカ各国の首脳によって行われたこと。第三には、AUが完全に主導権を握ったことが挙げられる。
 (AUの前身の)アフリカ統一機構(OAU)では、加盟国の原則は「内政不干渉」だった。今やAUの原則は「無関心でないこと」だ。これは大きな違いで、この原則は現在も実効性を持っている。
 (国際問題に取り組む)個人(的資質)の問題にも、もっと注意を払うべきだ。コフィが示した指導力なしに、(ケニアのような)成功はあっただろうか。コフィは国連事務総長として、紛争に対処する知識と解決のための経験を積み重ねてきた。有能な人材を用いることもできた。(紛争解決という)大義の唱道者として行動し、広範な国際支援を動員できた。
 面白いのは、国連事務総長を務めた時代よりも影響力を増したのかとの問いかけに、コフィが「はい」と答えたことだ。「国連なら、安全保障理事会から付託され、総会での加盟国の討議、特別代表の派遣などを行うので、もっと時間がかかっただろう」と言うのだ。私は、危機対応における迅速さの重要性を十分に認識している。ケニアの調停プロセスでの指導力の発揮は、きわめて称賛に値する。
 コフィは、世界中に希望と平和をもたらせる「善き人」だ。世界には、もっと多くの「コフィ・アナン」が必要だ。

◆学生との質疑応答
 ――自立を促す開発援助のあり方は。
 アナン 援助は効率的、効果的になされるべきだ。重要なのは、援助の目的と、相手国のパートナーを明確にすることだ。いずれは事業を現地の人に引き継ぐことを念頭に置くべきだ。
 緒方 アジアでは、もはや援助が必要ない国も増えており、そうした国々自体が援助を与える側になっている。途上国の政府と国民の真のニーズを理解することが最も重要だ。
 ――国家主権はどこまで尊重されるべきか。
 アナン 主権は不可欠であり、国連も主権国家で構成される機関だ。だが、国連加盟国の政府がジェノサイド(大量虐殺)や民族浄化から国民を守れないなら、我々は座視できない。
 ――アフガニスタンの安定と復興には何が必要か。
 アナン アフガン問題はパキスタン情勢が絡んでおり、複雑だ。国際社会は(軍事力など)ハードパワーとソフトパワーの両方を用いなければならない。アフガン国民と対話する試みが非常に重要だ。
 緒方 日本を含む多くの国が経済・社会的な開発に力を注いできた。安定や進歩の成果が見えないと、人々は復興に本腰を入れない。アフガン、パキスタン両国政府は、自国民のニーズに応えようとすべきだ。
 ――北朝鮮の核実験をどう思うか。
 アナン 北朝鮮は長期間、制裁下にありながら、(挑発から)引く構えを見せていない。安保理は圧力をかけるための他の手段を見つけなければならない。
 緒方 日本国内では(北朝鮮への)懸念が大きい。6か国協議と、核拡散防止条約(NPT)体制の強化が長期的な重要目標であり、日本はNPT強化を試みている。
 ――国連は世界を安定できるのか。安保理をいかに改革すべきか。
 緒方 (2004年に公表された国連事務総長の諮問機関)「ハイレベル委員会」の報告書の改革案にあった(再選可能な準常任理事国8か国を新設し非常任理事国を1か国増やす)案が、より実際的ではないか。
 アナン 新興国に発言権を与えられるように国際通貨基金、世界銀行、そして安保理を改革しなければならない。我々は、どんな強国でも単独では解決できない問題に直面しているのだ。

共催 東京大学大学院法学政治学研究科、読売新聞東京本社

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2.2009年6月16日付デイリー・ヨミウリ12面

デイリー・ヨミウリの記事です。

2009/06/16 GLOBAL LEADERSHIP PROGRAM SPECIAL

Japanese Youth Urged to Work Globally
Annan, Ogata encourage Japanese students to use thier talents to make world better

 Tokyo University's Faculty of Law, Graduate Schools for Law and Politics and The Yomiuri Shimbun launched the Global Leadership Studies program in April for students aspiring to work on the international stage.
 The program was set up to train young people who show leadership potential and the drive to solve serious issues facing the world, such as poverty and terrorism, as Japan's supply of capable people to the United Nations and other international bodies has not met the expectations of the country as it seeks to play a more significant role in these organizations.
 To celebrate the start of this program, a special symposium was organized by Tokyo University and The Yomiuri Shimbun and held on June 3, with former U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan and former U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees Sadako Ogata invited as speakers.
 The followings are excerpts of Annan's speech, Ogata's comments and a question-and-answer session moderated by Shinichi Kitaoka, the former Japanese ambassador to the United Nations and a professor at Tokyo University's Graduate Schools for Law and Politics and its Faculty of Law.

◆You Are the Leaders of the 21st Century
By Koffy Annan, Former U.N. Secretary General

 Since my last visit here, the world has become a more uncertain place. The challenges we spoke about three years ago remain, and new ones have emerged.
 In the area of disarmament, as in many others, Japan plays an invaluable role in the world. This leadership is needed as never before. It can only be strengthened by the new Global Leadership Program we are celebrating today.
 We sorely need sound leadership, too, as the world wrestles with the severest global recession for over 60 years.
 There is now a much clearer understanding that our economies and prospects have become inextricably linked. Here in Japan, you are painfully aware of these connections. Your economy has been hit hard as the latest sobering economic figures have highlighted.
 But severe as the impact has been here on the economy, business and individuals, Japan remains a rich and resilient nation. This is not to minimize the pain being felt but to point out the efforts being made and resources mobilized to minimize damage and speed up recovery. But such national resources are simply not available in the developing world and, particularly, in Africa.
 Africa has found itself facing the equivalent of an economic tsunami. Unlike richer countries, African governments can't mobilize resources to offset this fall, stimulate their economies and protect their people.
 What makes it harder still is that this misery comes on top of another crisis, with its roots outside Africa. It is pollution from the industrialized world, which is causing climate change. In many parts of Africa, an environmental crisis is already becoming an economic and humanitarian disaster. And these twin shocks are damaging Africa just when there has been remarkable progress.
 Africa's economic growth has been strong. Democracy and good government are spreading. Long-running conflicts have given way to stability. But there is now a real risk this progress will be wiped out and reversed. And this will be accelerated if richer countries use the excuse of the current economic recession to fall into the trap of protectionism or break aid promises.
 Broken promises would only add to Africa's sense of unfairness and frustration. If the world turns a blind eye to Africa's plight, this frustration will only increase. And, of course, the pain and damage will not be confined within the continent. For as the economic crisis has underlined, what happens in one part of the world--the good and the bad--is no longer constrained by borders.
 As Madam [Sadako] Ogata and her colleagues on the Commission on Human Security memorably spelt out five years ago, we all share responsibility for each other's security. Since this landmark report, the international community has given new impetus to the concept of responsibility.
 Importantly, we have seen acceptance of the responsibility to protect civilian populations against genocide, ethnic cleansing, war crimes, crimes against humanity and abuse of human rights.
 We now need to advance on this principle and to ensure we deliver on it--and hope Japan can take the lead again in Asia and elsewhere on how this can be achieved. But, as Madam Ogata stressed five years ago, globalization also provides important new opportunities to tackle the world's problems.
 For with vision from Africa's partners and leadership both within and outside the continent, Africa can help contribute to global prosperity. For Africa--and its citizens--have enormous potential. Africa is rich in natural resources. Its people are full of talent and entrepreneurial drive.
 But to play this role, Africa urgently needs the support and full engagement of its partners in a sustained and reliable way. As well as urgent support to meet the short-fall in income and to ease credit now, there must be long-term investment in Africa's infrastructure--something Japan recognized as vital last year.
 Agriculture is another area where Japan is already giving an important lead. Without investment across the agricultural value chain, the damaging impact of climate change will only worsen this food insecurity.
 But, the expertise already exists to develop and grow appropriate crops which can feed Africa and export to the world. The efforts of the Coalition for African Rice Developemt--led by Japan through JICA [Japan International Cooperation Agency]--are showing the results.
 We must see investment and political leadership to deliver a uniquely African Green Revolution which takes into account the diversity of the continent.
 There must be help, too, in combating the impact of climate change on its people. The major industrialized countries like the United States, European countries and Japan must lead at Copenhagen by agreeing major cuts in their emissions. Only then will we see the newly industrializing countries prepared to scale back their own growth in emissions.
 The help promised at the G-8 summit [of major countries] in Hokkaido to help countries adapt to the climate change already under way must also be delivered--and to a timetable which will make a difference.
 The Tokyo International Conference on African Development and the G-8 last year in Hokkaido again put Africa in the spotlight. I congratulate Japan for the leadership it has shown and for increasing aid to Africa by over 50 percent last year.
 We need fundamental reform of our multilateral institutions, too, so they are more representative, legitimate and effective.
 Africa must be given a voice in shaping global solutions in reformed financial and political institutions. I believe we must seize this once-in-a-generation opportunity to reshape the international architecture to reflect the realities and priorities of the modern world.
 We are living through difficult, extraordinary times. But in every crisis, there is an opportunity. We must not squander it. If we rise to the challenges, the world can emerge fairer and stronger. Japan has a critical leadership role in meeting these ambitions.  And it is your generation who must pick up the challenge from those like Sadako and myself.
 I want to end, if I may, by speaking to the students here directly.
 The education you are receiving is a privilege for which you have worked extremely hard. But, it is also a responsibility to use your talents and energy to improve our world.
 The events of the last few months have underlined how small our planet has become and how, wherever we live, our futures are now so closely interlinked. So whatever you are studying, whatever your ambitions, whatever you are doing in the future, you have to think globally.
 It means understanding that your decisions and actions can have an impact--for good and bad--on people right across the other side of our planet.
 We have seen the power of the forces of globalization. We now have to make sure we shape them for good. It needs you to be ready to show leadership in tackling challenges not just here in Japan but in the wider world.
 The way you respond to these challenges will decide the health and happiness of millions of people across the globe. You're the leaders of the 21st century. You must have the courage to change it for the better.

◆World Need More Global Leaders like Kofi Annan
By Sadako Ogata, Former U.N. Commissioner for Refugees

 My privilege is to have known Kofi Annan, worked with him and worked for him as U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees.
 What I wish to comment on this afternoon is not so much the well-known leadership he exercised as secretary general, but how he has continued to reach out globally after he left the United Nations.
 While serving as the president of the Global Humanitarian Forum and the Kofi Annan Foundation, Mr. Annan has taken action on addressing the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable people, particularly in Africa.
 On the questions of peace and security, one well-known case that he led to success, was the settlement of the crisis that fell on Kenya following the December 2007 elections.
 Violence erupted resulting in loss of life, destruction of property and population displacement. It is widely appreciated that Mr. Annan led five-week-long intense negotiations to success. Looking back on the negotiating process as a concerned outsider one year later, I wish to note at least two characteristics that contributed to the successful outcome.
 First relates to Mr. Annan's personal leadership. Second owes to the strength of the broad leadership strata that had grown in Africa, centered in the African Union.
 The first initiative to address the crisis was taken by [John] Kufuor, president of Ghana in his capacity as the chairman of the African Union. Kufuor visited Kenya from 8 to 10 January 2008, to initiate a mediation process, and succeeded in convincing the two presidential contenders [Mwai] Kibaki and [Raila] Odinga to agree to a mediation process by a three-member panel of eminent African personalities chaired by Kofi Annan. The panel embarked on an intense five week mediation process.
 What is most impressive about the Kenyan National Dialogue and Reconciliation process is the fact that first, the crisis was averted from spreading further, and that the conflict was settled through intense political negotiations. Second, that the negotiations were initiated and carried out by African leaders.
 Having focused on the impressive African leadership output in assessing the successful management of the Kenya crisis, further attention should be directed to the issue of personalities.
 As secretary of the United Nations, Mr. Annan had accumulated knowledge of dealing with conflicts and ample experience of settling them. In addition, he had access to capable human resources.
 As the mediation advanced and need for expertise became apparent, he could call on individuals and institutions he could rely upon. Moreover as the process drew international attention, Mr. Annan could act as the advocate for the cause and mobilize broad international support.
 Kofi himself recognizes his special attributes. To quote from an interview that he gave to Martin Griffiths on the Kenya process, a year later, he said as follows:

 I came with unique skills and attributes and also the ability to pick up the phone and speak to anyone around the world. Even [former U.S. President] George [W.] Bush spoke to me from Tanzania next door. That helped and they also knew that I had the entire international community behind me. It gave me a leverage that other mediators would not have had.

 To the question whether the leverage was more than what he could exercise as U.S. secretary general, the answer was interestingly a definite "yes."
 If it were at the U.N., he said, the secretary general would have to get a mandate from the Security Council and then would go to the General Assembly, where the member states would debate the issue. Then he would send an envoy, etc.
 Altogether it would have taken more time. Mr. Annan gave tribute to the African Union and the early presence of President Kufuor that allowed him to move so fast. I have found the Kenyan mediation process a highly plausible example of leadership exercise.
 I am pleased that Kofi Annan today is free and open to exercise leadership for the world at large. He only stands on the organizations that he himself established with the help and commitment of governments and private resources.
 Here in Japan as he shares his views and experiences to the wide audience of students following the Global Leadership Studies Program of the University of Tokyo, he stands as a living model of a leader who will continue to do good for all peoples.
 The world needs leadership to initiate and oversee the challenges. Kofi Annan will continue to lead the way. The world needs more Kofi Annans. I think he counts on many of you here in the audience to join in for the future.

□Questions and Answers:

 Question: Where do you draw the line as to when support should be withdrawn to allow the country to develop by itself with sustainability?
 Annan: First of all, aid should be given where it's needed, and it should be efficient and effective. I think there's a debate going on as to whether a country needs aid, development assistance or investments to develop. I think this is a silly debate, actually, in the sense that you need both.
 Development assistance can even help create the conditions for attracting investments. I think it's important to get in early to identify the objectives of the project, of the assistance, to identify local partners whom one can work with.
 [You need] to start right from the beginning knowing you'll need to hand over to a local counterpart, and that you're not going to be around forever. The recipient government must also know that this is a helping hand--it's temporary, and not eternal.
 Ogata: Your question deals directly with my responsibility at the Japan International Cooperation Agency. We try to respond accurately by understanding the real needs of these countries and their people, and give technical assistance, grant aid, and loans in order to meet their immediate needs. [We also try] to build the capacity of these countries and [their] people.
 There're certain objective yardsticks [that can gauge] whether we're meeting these needs or not.
 The most important thing is that we understand and respond to the real needs of governments and peoples so they'll become increasingly self-sufficient and become partners in [helping to develop other [countries].
 Q: What do you think is missing [in terms of] stabilizing and reconstructing Afghanistan?
 Annan:
I believe you've put your finger on one of the most difficult issues confronting the international community today. The situation in Afghanistan now is complicated by what's happening in Pakistan, and cross-border activities have become extremely complicated.
 International partners will have to use soft power, as well as hard power. I think the attempts to talk to the people of Afghanistan are very important. But of course, this also has to be linked with efforts to pacify the border areas and insure there's no interference from across the border.
 One must take a holistic approach both in terms of development assistance and political discussions. But it has to be both political discussions and firm action. Firm action alone is not enough.
 Ogata: As high commissioner for refugees, I had to deal with 6 million refugees, and in [that] situation, I had to deal with Afghanistan internally and also a great deal with all the neighboring countries including Pakistan and Iran.
 Afghanistan is a very big country with various ethnic groups and tribal leaderships. It's a very complex social structure and what we're doing as a whole is [lessening] the security threats [through] the demobilization of soldiers and strengthening the police, etc.
 Also, many countries, including Japan, have been doing a great deal of economic and social development. Unless the fruits of stability and progress are seen by the people, they won't really go for redevelopment or reconstruction.
 Q: What do you think of North Korea's recent launch of missiles and nuclear testing? And what should international society do to solve this state of emergency?
 Annan:
Obviously, this issue is now before the [U.N.] Security Council. We'd all hoped the six-party talks could have led to a solution of this conflict, but we haven't been able to do this. I think it's important that as as the council discusses [the issue], we encourage all the key members, the permanent members, to speak with one voice and act together. From my experience, when the council speaks with one voice, it's much more effective, and I hope that this will happen.
 My advice to the council would be, whatever they do, to do it as one and speak with one voice while maintaining the pressure [on North Korea].
 Ogata: I think that being a neighboring country, there's a great deal of concern within Japan. I think eventually, as Kofi said, the Security Council, the six-party talks, and eventually the strengthening of the NPT [Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty] regime itself might be a very important long-term objective to follow. I think Japan is trying to strengthen and revive the NPT.
 Q: It's said that the hegemony of the United States will be gone sooner or later. In such a situation, do you think the U.N. can function as a world stabilizer, and if not, what do you think is needed to strengthen the U.N.? What kind of security council reform is necessary [in light of] the expanding role of the United Nations?
 Ogata:
The world, [its] members and communication channels have changed a lot. I think worldwide international organizations are all, in different ways, going through some readjustment and change, as is the Security Council.
 But the real reason is [related to the question] about U.S. hegemony. I think it's very important for the most important countries--and the United States will continue to be one of the most important--[to] have a multilateral approach to settling international problems.
 Perhaps the new [U.S.] administration will begin to identify the necessary changes. [This is also happening] at the U.N. The world will probably go through [a] period of international organizational adjustment, and I think the United States will also play a very important role in this process.
 Annan: The world is changing and we have to change with it. There are emerging countries that will insist on having a voice at the table, and there are countries that aren't represented at the table but which want to be there.
 You really have to reform the IMF [International Monetary Fund], the World Bank, and the Security Council to give voices to the new emerging powers--if I can use the word "power." If this is done, we're likely to have a much more peaceful world. They'll collaborate.
 We have to decide whether we want cooperation or destructive competition. This also implies that those with influence and power will have to seriously reflect on how much power they want to give up to make the participation of the newcomers meaningful.
 If we do that, and we're all part of it, everyone will cooperate. If we don't do it, the time will come when some may not want to pay attention to decisions that they played no part in. So we really need to [decide] whether the U.N. will eventually become the organization that brings order to the world.
 I think we need to get governments to understand that today, we're facing problems that no one country--however powerful--can resolve alone. We need to work multilaterally and across national lines to resolve these issues. We need to understand that we can't be secure at someone else's expense.
 Q: In terms of global leadership, what do you think is missing in Japanese with regard to contributing to world peace and fostering the next generation?
 Ogata:
There are lots of aspirational young people. I never thought I'd become a global leader or an actor [on the global stage]. You do the best you can, but aspire to think about other people. Don't be too inward looking because no country can live without close association and collaboration with other countries and peoples.
 Within this kind of a framework, you can reach very good neighbors, you can reach the world. Maybe you'll be a very good son. These things are all related. Kofi said, "Be a good person." This is very important. This means being kind to other human beings. Think about other people.
 Annan: It can start right here in your own community. You don't have to wait to travel to do it. I think this is what's important. You can start at the university in your town or your village.
 I've seen some wonderful young Japanese around the world doing great work and going to places where governments are afraid to send their soldiers and doing humanitarian work.
 And quite a lot of the active and the bright ones have been Japanese women. Somehow they seem to be a bit more daring --you see them in all these situations.
 So, I think [individuals] can really make a difference.

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